footnotes
[1] Nancy Blatt, letter to John Stauber, May 3, 1995.
[2] Myron Peretz Glazer and Penina Migdal Glazer, The Whistle Blowers, (New York: Basic Books, 1989), p. 135.
[3] Interview with Hugh Kaufman.
[4] Abby Rockefeller, "Sewage Treatment Plants vs. The Environment" (unpublished document), Oct. 1992, p. 1.
[5] Pat Costner and Joe Thornton, "Sewage Treatment Plants," We All Live Downstream: The Mississippi River and the National Toxics Crisis, Dec. 1989, p. 35.
[6] Debra K. Rubin, Tom Ichniowski, Steven W. Setzer and Mary Buckner Powers, "Clean Water Act Debate Swirls On," Engineering News-Record, Vol. 227, No. 14, Oct 7, 1991, p. 27.
[7] Ronald A. Taylor , "Clean-Water Campaign Springs Some Leaks," US News & World Report, Dec 24, 1979, p. 59.
[8] Tim Darnell, "Till the Cows Come Home: Rural Wastewater Treatment Plants," American City & Country, Vol. 106, No. 10, p. 26.
[9] Rockefeller, p. 2.
[10] Gareth Jones, et al., HarperCollins Dictionary of Environmental Science, (New York: HarperPerennial, 1992), p. 372.
[11] Stephen Lester, "Sewage Sludge . . . A Dangerous Fertilizer," Everyone's Backyard, Oct. 1992, p. 9.
[12] Jim Wells et al., "Nuclear Regulation: Action Needed to Control Radioactive Contamination at Sewage Treatment Plants," GAO Reports B-255099, June 23, 1994.
[13] "In Waste Water, the Talk is About Toxics," Chemical Week, Oct. 12, 1977.
[14] Costner and Thornton, pp. 35-37.
[15] Interview with Hugh Kaufman.
[16] "Recycling Sludge Onto Farmlands," Business Week, Nov. 7, 1977, p. 84B.
[17] "For WPCF: New Directions," Engineering News-Record, April 10, 1986, p. 60.
[18] "Recycling Sludge Onto Farmlands."
[19] Geordie Wilson, "New Name Sought to End Grudge on Sludge, er, Biolife," Seattle Times, May 22, 1991, p. A1. Also see "WPCF Reports Strong Support for Name Change Campaign," Sludge, Vol. 16, No. 9, April 24, 1991.
[20] "Water Group Plans Earth Day Launch for National Campaign on Biosolids Recycling," PR Newswire, April 21, 1994.
[21] Geordie Wilson, "Its Name Is Mud, So Sludge Gets a New One," Seattle Times, Jan. 31, 1992, p. A1.
[22] "WPCF Pins Hopes on Biosolids' to Replace the Term Sludge," Sludge Vol. 16, No. 17, Aug. 14, 1991.
[23] James W. Bynum, "EPA-Sludge: The Fox Guarding the Chicken House" (unpublished manuscript), May 8, 1995, pp. 3, 14.
[24] Debra K. Rubin, "New Name for an Old Group," Engineering News-Record, Vol. 227, No. 16, p. 9.
[25] "Water Group Plans Earth Day Launch."
[26] "State Bans Milwaukee Sewage Plant Fertilizer," United Press International, Aug. 15, 1982.
[27] Paul Hodge, "Trying to Cope with a 600-ton-a-day Sludge Problem, Naturally," Washington Post, Jan 6, 1977.
[28] Melvin N. Kramer, Ph.D., executive summary of testimony given Oct. 1, 1992 before the U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries, Subcommittee on Coast Guard Navigation, Hearing on Ocean Dumping Enforcement and the Current Status of Research Efforts, pp. 1-2.
[29] Dianne Dumanoski, "Specialists Debunk Claim of Sludge-Pellet Hazards," Boston Globe, July 16, 1992, p. 27.
[30] Joseph Zinobile, letter to Environmental Quality Board, Harrisburg, PA, Dec. 27, 1994.
[31] Stanford L. Tackett, "The Myth of Sewage Sludge Safety," delivered at the Municipal Sewage Sludge Conference, State College, PA, May 21, 1994.
[32] Stanford L. Tackett, "The Sewage Sludge Scam," The Gazette, Indiana, PA, Oct. 2, 1994.
[33] Ibid.
[34] Interview with Alan Rubin.
[35] Jane Beswick, "Some Interconnected Persons and Organizations in Sludge" (unpublished manuscript), 1994.
[36] 1994 Annual Report and Form 10-K of N-Viro International Corporation, p. 1.
[37] Ibid., pp. 2-4.
[38] William Sanjour, statement to the Georgia State Senate Committee on Natural Resources, Feb. 14, 1990.
[39] Patricia L. Deese, et al., Institutional Constraints and Public Acceptance Barriers to Utilization of Municipal Wastewater and Sludge for Land Reclamation and Biomass Production (Washington, DC: US Environmental Protection Agency, 1981), pp. 22, 27.
[40] Ibid., pp. 3, 33-34.
[41] Kelly Sarber, "How to Strategize for Successful Project Development," BioCycle, April, 1994, p. 32-35.
[42] Ibid.
[43] Ibid.
[44] Dennis Hevesi, "Investigation Begun Into New York City Sludge Removal Program," New York Times, April 16, 1992, p. B3.
[45] "Ocean & Medical Waste Dumping, P.L. 100-688," Legislative History, Senate Report No. 100-431, pp. 5869-5872.
[46] Kevin Flynn, "Sludge Withdrawals Leave City Mired," Newsday, Nov. 15, 1991, p. 21.
[47] "Oklahoma Places Moratorium on Sludge from Out-of-State," Sludge, Vol. 17, No. 9, April 22, 1992.
[48] Michael Specter, "Ultimate Alchemy: Sludge to Gold: Big New York Export may Make Desert, and Budget, Bloom," New York Times, Jan. 25, 1993, p. B1.
[49] Michael Toss, "Officials Seek Probe on Sludge Haulers," Newsday, Feb. 4, 1991, p. 21.
[50] Kevin Flynn, "Sludge Plan Probe: DA Checks Ties Between Firms and Politicians," Newsday, April 15, 1992, p. 23.
[51] Kevin Flynn, Tom Curran and Kathleen Kerr, "Mobster: Sludge Firm Tied to Crime Family," Newsday, June 4, 1992, p. 110.
[52] Selwyn Raab, "Mafia Tale: Looting the Steel of the West Side Highway," New York Times, May 9, 1993, Section 1, p. 27.
[53] Kevin Flynn and Michael Moss, "Stink Over Sludge: Arizona Says City's Waste Contaminated," Newsday, Aug. 2, 1994, p. A08.
[54] Ibid.
[55] Kevin Flynn, "City Sludge Plan Kept Under Wraps," Newsday, Dec. 10, 1991, p. 21.
[56] Keith Bagwell, "Sewer Sludge from NYC is Deposited on Farmland," Arizona Daily Star, May. 22, 1994, p. 1B.
[57] Keith Bagwell, "Tainted Sludge Used for Years on Pima Farms," Arizona Daily Star, Oct. 2, 1994, p. 1B.
[58] Bagwell, "Sewer Sludge from NYC."
[59] Keith Bagwell, "Sludge Test Could Result in Cleanup," Arizona Daily Star, June 25, 1994, p. 1B.
[60] Keith Bagwell, "Sludge is Found to Harbor Germs Far Beyond Limit," Arizona Daily Star, June 28, 1995.
[61] "Texas County Tempted by Financial Rewards of Dumps," National Public Radio All Things Considered, March 21, 1994, Transcript #1428-6.
[62] Sludge, Sept. 27, 1994.
[63] Maggie Rivas, "W. Texans Fight to Reject Dumping Sites: Climate to Store Nuclear Waste, Sludge Called Ideal," The Dallas Morning News, March 20, 1994, p. 45A.
[64] "Abraham Angry with TNRCC," Texas Industry Environmental Advisor, Vol. 7, No. 4, Feb. 25, 1994.
[65] Michael Moss and Kevin Flynn, "Flushing, Texas: Exported City Sludge is Tainted," Newsday, Aug. 3, 1994, p. 7.
[66] Transcript of TV Nation Program, NBC Television, Aug. 2, 1994.
[67] Ibid.
[68] "EPA Whistleblower, Sony Inc. Named in $33 Million Libel Suit," BNA Chemical Regulation Daily, Jan. 6, 1995.
[69] "Whistleblower Seeks Special Prosecutor, Alleges Obstruction in Texas Sludge Case," BNA National Environment Daily, April 5, 1995.
[70] Timothy M. Straub, et al., "Hazards from Pathogenic Microorganisms in Land-Disposed Sewage Sludge," Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 132, (New York: Springer-Verlag, 1993), p. 55-91.
[71] Ibid.
[72] Letter from Kenneth Dobin to Sandra Messner, Feb. 10, 1994.
[73] "Community Organizers: Some Compostind Sites Could Be Harming Neighbors' Health," Sludge, Vol. 19, No. 7, March 29, 1994.
[74] Interview with Ed Rollers.
[75] Ed Merrimen, "Farmers, Public Warned of Sludge Danger," Capital Press, July 19 1991, p. 3.
[76] Statement of Karl Schurr, presented to the Coshocton County Board of Health, Coshocton, OH, Nov. 1992.
[77] Gene Logsdon, "Public Acceptance: How Does Society Learn About Sludge Safety?" BioCycle, May 1992.
[78] "Acceptance Strategy Should Include World Wide Web Site, Media Relations," Sludge, Vol. 20, No. 16, Aug. 1, 1995, p. 127.
[79] Letter from J.M. Dryer, Heinz USA, to Jane Shumaker, Nov. 19, 1992.
[80] Letter from Chris Meyers, Del Monte, to Alice Gallagher, March 24, 1995.
[81] Interview with Rick Jarman.
[82] Interview with Brian Baker.
[2] Myron Peretz Glazer and Penina Migdal Glazer, The Whistle Blowers, (New York: Basic Books, 1989), p. 135.
[3] Interview with Hugh Kaufman.
[4] Abby Rockefeller, "Sewage Treatment Plants vs. The Environment" (unpublished document), Oct. 1992, p. 1.
[5] Pat Costner and Joe Thornton, "Sewage Treatment Plants," We All Live Downstream: The Mississippi River and the National Toxics Crisis, Dec. 1989, p. 35.
[6] Debra K. Rubin, Tom Ichniowski, Steven W. Setzer and Mary Buckner Powers, "Clean Water Act Debate Swirls On," Engineering News-Record, Vol. 227, No. 14, Oct 7, 1991, p. 27.
[7] Ronald A. Taylor , "Clean-Water Campaign Springs Some Leaks," US News & World Report, Dec 24, 1979, p. 59.
[8] Tim Darnell, "Till the Cows Come Home: Rural Wastewater Treatment Plants," American City & Country, Vol. 106, No. 10, p. 26.
[9] Rockefeller, p. 2.
[10] Gareth Jones, et al., HarperCollins Dictionary of Environmental Science, (New York: HarperPerennial, 1992), p. 372.
[11] Stephen Lester, "Sewage Sludge . . . A Dangerous Fertilizer," Everyone's Backyard, Oct. 1992, p. 9.
[12] Jim Wells et al., "Nuclear Regulation: Action Needed to Control Radioactive Contamination at Sewage Treatment Plants," GAO Reports B-255099, June 23, 1994.
[13] "In Waste Water, the Talk is About Toxics," Chemical Week, Oct. 12, 1977.
[14] Costner and Thornton, pp. 35-37.
[15] Interview with Hugh Kaufman.
[16] "Recycling Sludge Onto Farmlands," Business Week, Nov. 7, 1977, p. 84B.
[17] "For WPCF: New Directions," Engineering News-Record, April 10, 1986, p. 60.
[18] "Recycling Sludge Onto Farmlands."
[19] Geordie Wilson, "New Name Sought to End Grudge on Sludge, er, Biolife," Seattle Times, May 22, 1991, p. A1. Also see "WPCF Reports Strong Support for Name Change Campaign," Sludge, Vol. 16, No. 9, April 24, 1991.
[20] "Water Group Plans Earth Day Launch for National Campaign on Biosolids Recycling," PR Newswire, April 21, 1994.
[21] Geordie Wilson, "Its Name Is Mud, So Sludge Gets a New One," Seattle Times, Jan. 31, 1992, p. A1.
[22] "WPCF Pins Hopes on Biosolids' to Replace the Term Sludge," Sludge Vol. 16, No. 17, Aug. 14, 1991.
[23] James W. Bynum, "EPA-Sludge: The Fox Guarding the Chicken House" (unpublished manuscript), May 8, 1995, pp. 3, 14.
[24] Debra K. Rubin, "New Name for an Old Group," Engineering News-Record, Vol. 227, No. 16, p. 9.
[25] "Water Group Plans Earth Day Launch."
[26] "State Bans Milwaukee Sewage Plant Fertilizer," United Press International, Aug. 15, 1982.
[27] Paul Hodge, "Trying to Cope with a 600-ton-a-day Sludge Problem, Naturally," Washington Post, Jan 6, 1977.
[28] Melvin N. Kramer, Ph.D., executive summary of testimony given Oct. 1, 1992 before the U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries, Subcommittee on Coast Guard Navigation, Hearing on Ocean Dumping Enforcement and the Current Status of Research Efforts, pp. 1-2.
[29] Dianne Dumanoski, "Specialists Debunk Claim of Sludge-Pellet Hazards," Boston Globe, July 16, 1992, p. 27.
[30] Joseph Zinobile, letter to Environmental Quality Board, Harrisburg, PA, Dec. 27, 1994.
[31] Stanford L. Tackett, "The Myth of Sewage Sludge Safety," delivered at the Municipal Sewage Sludge Conference, State College, PA, May 21, 1994.
[32] Stanford L. Tackett, "The Sewage Sludge Scam," The Gazette, Indiana, PA, Oct. 2, 1994.
[33] Ibid.
[34] Interview with Alan Rubin.
[35] Jane Beswick, "Some Interconnected Persons and Organizations in Sludge" (unpublished manuscript), 1994.
[36] 1994 Annual Report and Form 10-K of N-Viro International Corporation, p. 1.
[37] Ibid., pp. 2-4.
[38] William Sanjour, statement to the Georgia State Senate Committee on Natural Resources, Feb. 14, 1990.
[39] Patricia L. Deese, et al., Institutional Constraints and Public Acceptance Barriers to Utilization of Municipal Wastewater and Sludge for Land Reclamation and Biomass Production (Washington, DC: US Environmental Protection Agency, 1981), pp. 22, 27.
[40] Ibid., pp. 3, 33-34.
[41] Kelly Sarber, "How to Strategize for Successful Project Development," BioCycle, April, 1994, p. 32-35.
[42] Ibid.
[43] Ibid.
[44] Dennis Hevesi, "Investigation Begun Into New York City Sludge Removal Program," New York Times, April 16, 1992, p. B3.
[45] "Ocean & Medical Waste Dumping, P.L. 100-688," Legislative History, Senate Report No. 100-431, pp. 5869-5872.
[46] Kevin Flynn, "Sludge Withdrawals Leave City Mired," Newsday, Nov. 15, 1991, p. 21.
[47] "Oklahoma Places Moratorium on Sludge from Out-of-State," Sludge, Vol. 17, No. 9, April 22, 1992.
[48] Michael Specter, "Ultimate Alchemy: Sludge to Gold: Big New York Export may Make Desert, and Budget, Bloom," New York Times, Jan. 25, 1993, p. B1.
[49] Michael Toss, "Officials Seek Probe on Sludge Haulers," Newsday, Feb. 4, 1991, p. 21.
[50] Kevin Flynn, "Sludge Plan Probe: DA Checks Ties Between Firms and Politicians," Newsday, April 15, 1992, p. 23.
[51] Kevin Flynn, Tom Curran and Kathleen Kerr, "Mobster: Sludge Firm Tied to Crime Family," Newsday, June 4, 1992, p. 110.
[52] Selwyn Raab, "Mafia Tale: Looting the Steel of the West Side Highway," New York Times, May 9, 1993, Section 1, p. 27.
[53] Kevin Flynn and Michael Moss, "Stink Over Sludge: Arizona Says City's Waste Contaminated," Newsday, Aug. 2, 1994, p. A08.
[54] Ibid.
[55] Kevin Flynn, "City Sludge Plan Kept Under Wraps," Newsday, Dec. 10, 1991, p. 21.
[56] Keith Bagwell, "Sewer Sludge from NYC is Deposited on Farmland," Arizona Daily Star, May. 22, 1994, p. 1B.
[57] Keith Bagwell, "Tainted Sludge Used for Years on Pima Farms," Arizona Daily Star, Oct. 2, 1994, p. 1B.
[58] Bagwell, "Sewer Sludge from NYC."
[59] Keith Bagwell, "Sludge Test Could Result in Cleanup," Arizona Daily Star, June 25, 1994, p. 1B.
[60] Keith Bagwell, "Sludge is Found to Harbor Germs Far Beyond Limit," Arizona Daily Star, June 28, 1995.
[61] "Texas County Tempted by Financial Rewards of Dumps," National Public Radio All Things Considered, March 21, 1994, Transcript #1428-6.
[62] Sludge, Sept. 27, 1994.
[63] Maggie Rivas, "W. Texans Fight to Reject Dumping Sites: Climate to Store Nuclear Waste, Sludge Called Ideal," The Dallas Morning News, March 20, 1994, p. 45A.
[64] "Abraham Angry with TNRCC," Texas Industry Environmental Advisor, Vol. 7, No. 4, Feb. 25, 1994.
[65] Michael Moss and Kevin Flynn, "Flushing, Texas: Exported City Sludge is Tainted," Newsday, Aug. 3, 1994, p. 7.
[66] Transcript of TV Nation Program, NBC Television, Aug. 2, 1994.
[67] Ibid.
[68] "EPA Whistleblower, Sony Inc. Named in $33 Million Libel Suit," BNA Chemical Regulation Daily, Jan. 6, 1995.
[69] "Whistleblower Seeks Special Prosecutor, Alleges Obstruction in Texas Sludge Case," BNA National Environment Daily, April 5, 1995.
[70] Timothy M. Straub, et al., "Hazards from Pathogenic Microorganisms in Land-Disposed Sewage Sludge," Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 132, (New York: Springer-Verlag, 1993), p. 55-91.
[71] Ibid.
[72] Letter from Kenneth Dobin to Sandra Messner, Feb. 10, 1994.
[73] "Community Organizers: Some Compostind Sites Could Be Harming Neighbors' Health," Sludge, Vol. 19, No. 7, March 29, 1994.
[74] Interview with Ed Rollers.
[75] Ed Merrimen, "Farmers, Public Warned of Sludge Danger," Capital Press, July 19 1991, p. 3.
[76] Statement of Karl Schurr, presented to the Coshocton County Board of Health, Coshocton, OH, Nov. 1992.
[77] Gene Logsdon, "Public Acceptance: How Does Society Learn About Sludge Safety?" BioCycle, May 1992.
[78] "Acceptance Strategy Should Include World Wide Web Site, Media Relations," Sludge, Vol. 20, No. 16, Aug. 1, 1995, p. 127.
[79] Letter from J.M. Dryer, Heinz USA, to Jane Shumaker, Nov. 19, 1992.
[80] Letter from Chris Meyers, Del Monte, to Alice Gallagher, March 24, 1995.
[81] Interview with Rick Jarman.
[82] Interview with Brian Baker.