Синтаксис, семантика, протоколы, интерпретация.
Euzenat Towards a principled approach to semantic interoperability (уровни синтаксиса семантики протоколы)
Семантическая интероперабельность - это способность интерпретировать знания, импортированные из других языков, на семантическом уровне, т. е. приписывать каждому импортированному фрагменту знаний правильную интерпретацию или набор моделей.
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В ней предлагается определение семантической интероперабельности на основе теории моделей и показано, как оно применяется к уже существующим работам в этой области. Затем представлены новые приложения этого определения к семейству языков, онтологическим шаблонам и явному описанию семантики.
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https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-47/euzenat.pdf
Towards a principled approach to semantic interoperability
Jérôme Euzenat
Abstract
Semantic interoperability is the faculty of interpreting knowledge imported from other languages at the semantic level, i.e. to ascribe to each imported piece of knowledge the correct interpretation or set of models. It is a very important requirement for delivering a worldwide semantic web. This paper presents preliminary investigations towards developing a unified view of the problem. It proposes a definition of semantic interoperability based on model theory and shows how it applies to already existing works in the domain. Then, new applications of this definition to family of languages, ontology patterns and explicit description of semantics are presented.
2.2 Levels of interoperability
When trying to assess the understanding of an expression coming from a system by another one, there are several possible levels of interoperability:
• encoding: being able to segment the representation in characters;
• lexical: being able to segment the representation in words (or symbols);
• syntactic: being able to structure the representation in structured sentences (or formulas or assertions);
• semantic: being able to construct the propositional meaning of the representation;
• semiotic: being able to construct the pragmatic meaning of the representation (or its meaning in context).
This layered presentation is arguable in general; it is not as strict as it seems. It makes sense because each level cannot be achieved if the previous ones have not been completed. In the context of the semantic web, it can be assumed that the three first levels can be easily achieved by the use of XML or RDF.
The properties of transformations can be set at these various levels. There are many kinds of properties (e.g. at the mation of the consequences of the initial knowledge as consequences.
There are several approaches to semantic interoperability [Masolo, 2000; Ciocoiu and Nau, 2000; Stuckenschmidt and Visser, 2000]. Although, they are not stated in the same terms, we believe that there can be a unified view of comparison and transformation at a semantic level that can be applied to these approaches.
We first provide some definitions of the concepts at work here (language, representation, semantics and transformation) and a classification of possible interoperability requirements. Then the already available approaches to semantic interoperability are considered and rephrased in the context of model-theory. Afterwards, we turn to consider three possible approaches for the semantic web (and especially when the languages are different): family of languages, ontology patterns and explicit semantics representation.
We show how the contribution of these techniques to semantic interoperability
can be expressed in comparable terms.
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Семантическая интероперабельность - это способность интерпретировать знания, импортированные из других языков, на семантическом уровне, т. е. приписывать каждому импортированному фрагменту знаний правильную интерпретацию или набор моделей.
..
В ней предлагается определение семантической интероперабельности на основе теории моделей и показано, как оно применяется к уже существующим работам в этой области. Затем представлены новые приложения этого определения к семейству языков, онтологическим шаблонам и явному описанию семантики.
---
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-47/euzenat.pdf
Towards a principled approach to semantic interoperability
Jérôme Euzenat
Abstract
Semantic interoperability is the faculty of interpreting knowledge imported from other languages at the semantic level, i.e. to ascribe to each imported piece of knowledge the correct interpretation or set of models. It is a very important requirement for delivering a worldwide semantic web. This paper presents preliminary investigations towards developing a unified view of the problem. It proposes a definition of semantic interoperability based on model theory and shows how it applies to already existing works in the domain. Then, new applications of this definition to family of languages, ontology patterns and explicit description of semantics are presented.
2.2 Levels of interoperability
When trying to assess the understanding of an expression coming from a system by another one, there are several possible levels of interoperability:
• encoding: being able to segment the representation in characters;
• lexical: being able to segment the representation in words (or symbols);
• syntactic: being able to structure the representation in structured sentences (or formulas or assertions);
• semantic: being able to construct the propositional meaning of the representation;
• semiotic: being able to construct the pragmatic meaning of the representation (or its meaning in context).
This layered presentation is arguable in general; it is not as strict as it seems. It makes sense because each level cannot be achieved if the previous ones have not been completed. In the context of the semantic web, it can be assumed that the three first levels can be easily achieved by the use of XML or RDF.
The properties of transformations can be set at these various levels. There are many kinds of properties (e.g. at the mation of the consequences of the initial knowledge as consequences.
There are several approaches to semantic interoperability [Masolo, 2000; Ciocoiu and Nau, 2000; Stuckenschmidt and Visser, 2000]. Although, they are not stated in the same terms, we believe that there can be a unified view of comparison and transformation at a semantic level that can be applied to these approaches.
We first provide some definitions of the concepts at work here (language, representation, semantics and transformation) and a classification of possible interoperability requirements. Then the already available approaches to semantic interoperability are considered and rephrased in the context of model-theory. Afterwards, we turn to consider three possible approaches for the semantic web (and especially when the languages are different): family of languages, ontology patterns and explicit semantics representation.
We show how the contribution of these techniques to semantic interoperability
can be expressed in comparable terms.
--