thank me later
Independent Variable: Variable changed w/n an experiment
Dependent Variable: Changes, dependent on independent variable
Prokaryote: single celled organism whose cells do not have a nucleus
Eukaryote: organism made of cells that have a nucleus
Characteristics of Plant Cells:
- cell wall (cell wall lies outside the cell membrane) cell wall is porous, water, oxygen, carbon dioxide and other substances pass through easily.
- CHLOROPLAST this is where the hard work of producing sugars from carbon dioxide goes on. In the process oxygen is released. The process, of course, is photosynthesis.
Ice Floats
Eukaryotic cells have a huge variety
Fermentation: process that enables cells to carry out energy production in the absence of oxygen; break-down of glucose and release of energy in which organic substances are the final electron acceptors
Photosynthesis vs Respiration:
- Respiration: process that involves oxygen and breaks down food molecules to release energy
- Photosynthesis: process in which autotrophs make their own food using the energy in light and CO2 and H20
Autotroph: organism that is able to use a source of energy to produce its food from inorganic raw materials
Enzymes are biological catalysts (substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction)
Organic C (Carbon):
- unique b/c of it's remarkable ability to form covalent bonds that are strong and stable (can form covalent bonds w/ oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur atoms)
- can form chains of almost unlimited length by bonding to other carbon atoms
- bonds b/t carbon atoms can be single, double, or triple covalent bonds; or combinations of all
Enzyme: one of a number of special protein catalysts contained in living organisms
- proteins (w/ a few exceptions)
- cells may have as many as 2000 different enzymes
- speed up reaction by binding to the reactants. The reactants that are affected by an enzyme are known as "subtrates"; subtrates bind to enzymes at a region known as the "active site"
Substrate: reactant affected by an enzyme
DNA basis:
- polymer formed by nucleotides
- nucleotide made of 3 basic parts: 5 carbon sugar called deoxyribose, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
- DNA has 4 nitrogen bases: adenine - guanine
cytosine - thymine
Molecular Formula of a Lipid:
glycerol + fatty acids --------> lipids + water
Diffusion: process by which molecules of a substance move from areas of higher concentration to lower concentration
Selectively Permeable: permeable to some things and impermeable to others
Amino Acids:
- made of proteins
- amino group (-NH2) on one end and a carboxyl group (-COOH) on the other
- these groups form covalent bonds w/ each other
- covalent bond that joins two amino acids is known as a "peptide"
- "polypeptide": long chain of amino acids
Alanine, Serine
Translation vs. Transciption:
- translation: process in which a message carried by messenger RNA is decoded into a polypeptide chain
- transcription: process by which a molecule of DNA is coped into a complementary strand of RNA
Cell Theory:
- all living things are composed of cells
- cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things
- all cells come from preexisting cells
Parents have a 50/50 chance of having a boy or girl baby
Homeostasis: process by which organisms keep internal conditions constant despite changes in external environments
ORGANELLES:
- Nucleus: controls cells activities and contains DNA
- Mitochondria: changes chemical energy stored in food into compounds that can be used by the cell
- Chloroplast: converts sunlight into chemical energy (plant cells)
- Ribosomes: proteins are made, composed of RNA and protein
- Endoplasmic Recticulum (ER): transports materials through the inside of the cell. Smooth- some enzymes/chemicals stored there; Rough- involved in synthesis of proteins
- Golgi Apparatus: modifies, collects, packages, and distributes molecules made at one location of the cell and used at another
- Lysosomes: small membrane-bordered structures that contain chemicals and enzymes necessary for digesting certain materials in cell, formed by golgi apparatus (not found in plant cells) - produce lysozyme
- Vacuoles: store materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates.
- Plastids: involved in the storage of food and pigments
- Cytoskeleton: framework of the cell