I can't speak for Protestants, but I might surmise... if you are confirmed a Catholic, you are a Catholic. Confirmation usually takes place in one's teens. One could come to not believe in God after that point. But you're still technically a Catholic. Most people really don't go through with the whole ex-communication thing.
Some excommunication is automatic. The excommunication for apostasy, for instance, happens immediately without any formal procedure or recognition being necessary. I believe there are other bases for such excommunication, but I couldn't name them off of the top of my head.
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