Ah, Muller-Lyer; how fun. In answer to the first question, why would you save five people on the tracks and not kill Bill to save the others? Firstly, you're not killing that one person, the train is killing them. You're deciding how may people survive, and you're having to do it fast. According to our understanding of "evolutionary survival" and "reciprocal altruism(which occurs when people who aren't related help increase the fitness of the species by engaging in behavior that reduces personal fitness at the moment for greater fitness in the long run; one of the caveats being that the altruistic behavior must have low consequence to our own personal fitness--which in this case it does--but high benefit for the recipients--in this case it would increase your fitness to save five people instead of one)" we would find that five people surviving would be more beneficial to "fitness of the species" than one person surviving. Since we are forced to make a decision (and we apparently know nothing of the five or the one) we would
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