Me being a little anal about details decided in a moment of boredom to work out a timeline of Elros' first life. All the details are canon as far as I know. Extras plus my thoughts in comments after.
525 FA - Elros & Elrond born
583 FA - First Age ends, (age 58)
32 - Edain lands on Andor, Elros crowned (age 90)
61 - Vardamir born (age 119)
[Some time after Tindomiel, Manwendil & Atanalcar born]
192 - [Tar-]Amandil born (age 250, V age 131)
442 - Elros passes, Vardamir [nominally] rules a day, passes throne straight onto son, Tar-Amandil (age 500, V 381, T-A 250)
I personally believe that during the time after the turn of the Age and when the Edain landed on Andor (the island that Númenor was on, also called Elena - "Land of the Star") they (the Edain) lived in Lindon building ships and gathering supplies needed to survive until they had established themselves. In this time I am sure Elros became friends with both Gil-Galad and Círdan.
I have yet to find a name given in canon for Elros' wife which actually makes me glad because I don't have to feel guilty about giving her a name myself (Nuhuindam).
I can't find reference to when he married, only to when his first son was born.
I have known for a while that his eldest son was named Vardamir but only just found out he had three other children, a daughter Tindomiel and two more sons, Manwendil & Atanalcar.
Vardamir Nólimon (so surnamed for his love of ancient lore) did not take the throne himself but handed it straight on to his son, Tar-Amandil. He is counted in the history books however as having ruled a year.