I learned today that
HFS+ is a case preserving, case insensitive filesystem. HFS+ is the default filesystem on OS X. So, on my laptop:
$ touch test.txt TEST.txt
$ ls *.txt
test.txtSo, test.txt and TEST.txt (and TeSt.txt, ...) all refer to just one file. No wonder I could do open -a vlc instead of open -a VLC.